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The gender pay gap remains one of the most persistent labour-market inequalities in advanced economies. This article examines the principal drivers of the gap and its implications for women’s career opportunities, synthesizing classic labour-economics perspectives with recent policy evidence on pay-transparency measures. I argue that the gap is multi-causal—rooted in occupational segregation, differences in labour market experience (notably related to care responsibilities), and organisational pay practices—and that recent policy tools such as mandatory pay reporting…
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Feminist theory has developed along multiple, sometimes competing, trajectories since the late twentieth century. Classical formulations—often associated with foundational texts that questioned the epistemic and ontological bases of gender—laid conceptual groundwork for later pluralist and practice-oriented approaches. Contemporary feminist scholarship, by contrast, frequently emphasizes relationality, structures of power, and the intersectional distribution of vulnerability and agency. This article offers a comparative analysis of a paradigmatic classical intervention—Judith Butler’s Gender Trouble (1990)—and a representative recent formulation…
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Social structure—the enduring patterns of relationships, institutions, and social roles—is a central concept in sociology. In modern Western societies, social structure manifests through class stratification, institutional frameworks (family, economy, state, etc.), and role expectations, shaped by historical and theoretical processes. This article defines social structure and surveys its classical foundations, drawing on the work of Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, Karl Marx, Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton, Pierre Bourdieu, and Anthony Giddens. Structural functionalism, conflict theory,…
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February 20, 2024
Social Structure in Modern Western Societies
February 16, 2024
Gender and Education: Gender Inequalities in Access to Higher Education
February 3, 2024
Socialization in Sociological Perspective
February 1, 2024
What Is Society?
January 30, 2024